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She goes. They go. You eat. I look. I watch. You look. You can add a noun in front of it and you can form new verbs. We will introduce how to do this in lesson number But for now, just remember that becomes in the present tense and it means I do. You do. He does. Sadly, yes, there are. Even those exceptions are NOT too far away from the regular rules!! And of course, we will introduce them in the nicest and easiest way possible through our future lessons.

Thank you once again for studying with us through this lesson! Verb stem is followed by [yeo-yo]. Verb stems ending with vowels. If you understand how to change verbs into the present tense, understanding how to change them into the past tense is just as easy. A similar rule is applied to making past tense sentences, and the endings are:.

Verb stems ending with vowels other than or are followed by [eo-sseo-yo]. Verb stem is followed by [yeo-sse-yo]. LEVEL 1 LESSON 18 In Korean, as you already know, there are some particles which are used to mark the roles of some nouns, and so far, we have learned about subject marking particles [i] and and topic marking particles [eun] and.

Do you remember how to form a sentence using [go si-peo-yo]? Yes, you drop the letter at the end of a verb and attach after that. And now, you just add the word [eo-di] in front of the verb. There are many location marking particles in Korean, but let us look at the two most basic particles, [e] and [e-seo]. It means at, to and etc, and it can be used to mark a location, a time, a situation, and many other things, but here, at us just focus on its role of marking locations.

Sample 1 Lets say I went to school. Sample 3 Lets say Where do you want to go? Sample 4 Lets say Where are you? I studied in the library. I came from Seoul. The difference between and. How are they different then? When did you arrive?

When did you come? When do you get up? Now lets have a look at some native Korean numbers. There are cases where sino-Korean numbers are used, cases where native Korean numbers are used, and there are also some cases where sino-Korean numbers and native Korean numbers are used together. When you tell the time, you have to use native Korean numbers to say the hour and sinoKorean numbers to say the minute.

When you say your age in everyday conversations, you use native Korean numbers, but in some very formal settings like in the court of law or in a formal report, sino-Korean numbers are used to express your age. When you are counting years, you can use either sino-Korean numbers or native Korean numbers, but the words that you use for counting the years change depending on whether you use sino-Korean numbers and native Korean numbers. So how do you determine which number system to use in which situation?

You dont have to try to, and you cant really generalize the usages of the two different number systems. It is best to just learn to use the different number systems along with the fitting context.

Native Korean numbers 1 [ha-na] 2 [dul] 3 [set] 4 [net] 5 [da-seot] 6 [yeo-seot] 7 [il-gop] 8 [yeo-deol] 9 [a-hop] 10 [yeol]. From numbers 1 through 99, the usage of native Korean numbers is generally very distinctively different from the usage of sino-Korean numbers, but for bigger units like , 1,, 10, and etc.

There are two ways of saying the age, but here, lets look at the more ordinary and everyday fashion. You say a native Korean number and add [sal] after it. But the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 20 change forms before a noun. I am one year old. I am ten years old. I am twenty years old. I am thirty years old. There are mainly two ways to do this. How to make negative sentences in Korean 1. Method 1 is more simple and more colloquial, and method 2 is relatively formal but not necessarily only for formal situations.

If you want to use method 1, and add [an] before a verb, its easier than method 2 because you dont have to worry about the different tenses of your sentences. The word [an] doesnt change the tense. Examples using method 2 adding [ji an-ta] [ ji anta] is the basic form and you need to conjugate it according to the tense, too.

Im not hungry. Its not spicy. And we also learned that the verb [hada] has a very unique way of being conjugated. We also mentioned that the verb is a very powerful and useful word. That is because in Korean there are a lot of verbs that are made by combining a noun with. Many of the Korean nouns that indicate or describe some action or behavior can be combined with.

And they become verbs. In order to make negative sentences using these verbs check out Lesson 21 for information on how to make negative sentences in Korean you need to separate the noun part and the part again and add inbetween. And if you remember from Lesson 16, there are two ways to make negative sentences in Korean: adding before the verb and using the verb ending.

If you want to use with verbs, you simply conjugate [ha-da] to [ha-ji an-ta]. Subject markers emphasize the subject and shows who did something, or what is being described, and topic markers emphasize the topic of your sentence and shows what or whom you are talking about. When you want to ask simple questions like Who did it? Who helped her? Remember that this is ONLY when you are emphasizing who as the subject of an action or state.

When you want to ask Who is it? More sample sentences 1. This is who? Generally, these interrogatives in Korean are used before the verb of a sentence.

Examples 1. Basically, [e-seo] and [bu-teo] both mean from and they are usually interchangeable, but in cases where they are NOT interchangeable, is associated more often with locations and is associated more often with time.

Now, to B or until B in Korean is B [kka-ji]. First listen to the dialog alone, without looking at the Korean transcript, and then check how much you could understand by comparing your understanding with the original text as well as the translation. Korean Transcript :. Minsu: Oh, hi, Mina. What is this? Mina: This? This is a present. Minsu: A present? Thank you. Mina: No, its not a present for you, Minsu. Its a present for someone else.

Minsu: Someone else? Mina: Today is Hyeonjus birthday. Minsu: Really? I didnt know. Mina: Oh, there, Hyeonju came. Hyeonju: Mina, Minsu, hi! Mina: Happy birthday. Its a present. Hyeonju: Wow. Minsu: Hyeonju, happy birthday. I didnt know your birthday. Hyeonju: Its okay. Mina: Minsu, until when do you have time? Minsu: Me? I have time until 7 oclock. Mina: Good. Hyeonju, what do you want to do?

Hyeonju: Me? Mina: Minsu, are you hungry? I want to have pizza. Minsu: What? I see Hyeonju, how about you? Do you want to have pizza? Hyeonju: Yeah I like pizza too. Minsu: Excuse me. Give us one kimchi bulgogi cheese pizza. Mina: Kimchi bulgogi cheese pizza? Oh, excuse me! Give us three cups of cola. Mina: I dont want to drink cola. Give me beer. Minsu: There is no beer here. Mina: There is. Hyeonju: Excuse me, do you have beer here? Yes, give us one beer. Minsu: How drinks beer in a pizza place?

Mina: Why? Is it strange? Minsu: No. Hyeonju: The pizza came out. Mina: And beer? Hyeonju: Its here. Mina: Lets eat! Minsu: Bon appetit! Hyeonju: Lets eat. The audio file for ALL of the Korean sentences that appear in this workbook is also available for download. One way you can help us make it possible to keep providing great learning material at inexpensive costs is to make donations.

It doesnt have to be a lot of money, or you dont have to if you dont want to, or cant afford to at the moment. But any small donation you make will be an enormous amount help in keeping all our regular lessons completely FREE and our store products very inexpensive.

Thank you once again. We hope you will keep enjoy learning with us and dont forget that all of our regular lessons will be free of charge forever, so help us spread the word! Level 1 Lesson 1 Please answer the following questions. The answers are on the next page. What is the most commonly used greeting in Korean, when you want to say Hello, Good morning, Good afternoon, or Hi to someone? What is the term for referring to the polite and formal language in Korean?

If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to write to us! Level 1 Lesson 2 Please answer the following questions. Basically, how do you say Yes in polite formal Korean? The Korean Yes and No express your agreement or disagreement to what the other person said, rather than expressing whether the fact itself is true or not.

In Korean, there is no No but there is only Yes. How do you say Thats right in polite formal Korean? Level 1 Lesson 3 Please answer the following questions. If you are leaving a place and the others are staying, how do you say Goodbye in polite formal Korean?

The literal translation of this expression is Please stay in peace. If you are the one staying and the others are leaving the place, how do you say Goodbye in polite formal Korean? The literal translation of this expression is Please go in peace. If both you and the other person are leaving the place you are in now, and no one is staying, what do you say to the other person to say Goodbye in polite formal Korean?

Level 1 Lesson 4 Please answer the following questions. If you made a mistake or did something that you feel bad about, what can you say in polite Korean to apologize? You are running up the stairs inside a busy subway station and accidentally stepped on somebodys foot. What can you say to the person to apologize? You are in a restaurant and you are now ready to order.

What do you say to the waiter to get his or her attention? You want to pass through a crowd of people or reach out for a book in a bookstore but there is someone in your way, what can you NOT say to mean Excuse me?

Level 1 Lesson 5 Please answer the following questions. The expression for to be as in This. Choose which one should be used after each noun.

Please answer the following questions. How do you say water in Korean? Match words that have the same meaning. There may be several Korean words for one English word. Please fill in the blanks to make the Korean sentences and the English sentences have the same meaning.

Level 1 Lesson 8 Please answer the following questions. In Korean, [u-yu] is milk. How do you say This is NOT milk?

How do you say I am NOT a student? Level 1 Lesson 9 Please answer the following questions. What are the topic marking particles in Korean?

Level 1 Lesson 10 Please answer the following questions. How do you say to have or there is in polite formal Korean? How do you say that you dont have something? Lets imagine that you are running a store, and you ran out of bottled water. A customer is looking for some bottled water, so you want to tell him or her We dont have water. How do you say that?

We hope the workbook has been helpful. If you found it useful, you can help us make more great free learning material by supporting us through donations. It doesnt matter how much you donate, and it is absolutely not an obligation, either. Thank you for all the support and we will keep doing our best to provide with the best learning material for your Korean. The audio files for ALL of the Korean sentences that appear in this workbook are also available for download. As you know all our regular lessons are free of charge and will stay that way.

And for the products on sale in the Store section of the site, we want to try our best to keep their prices very low and reasonable so that MORE people can enjoy learning without spending too much money.

It doesnt have to be a lot, or you dont even have to if you dont want to or cant afford to at the moment. We hope you will keep enjoy learning with us and dont forget that all our regular lessons will be free of charge forever, so help us spread the word! Level 1 Lesson 11 Please answer the following questions. The answers are on the last page of this PDF. In Korean, [keo-pi] is coffee. How do you say. Your friend invites you to dinner and cooks for you and the food is really good! You have finished your meal, and the food was great.

So you want to thank your friend for the meal. The phrase you can say literally means I have eaten well. Level 1 Lesson 13 Please answer the following questions. There are a lot of delicious foods in Korea. So its hard to choose just one dish for lunch. You might want to just take the same thing as your friend does.

In that case, how do you say. Workbook for Level 1 Lessons 11 - 20 Match words and sentences which are related to each other. Level 1 Lesson 14 Please fill in the blanks to make the Korean sentneces and the English sentences have the same meaning.

Do you remember the. Level 1 Lesson 16 Please answer the following questions. In order to conjugate a verb into the present tense, you take the verb stem, and add one of these endings:.

To eat is [meok-da] in Korean. If you want to conjugate the verb into the present tense, what does it become? Level 1 Lesson 17 Please fill verbs conjugations in the blanks. In order to conjugate a verb into the past tense, you take the verb stem, and add one of these endings:.

Level 1 Lesson 18 Please answer the following questions. Level 1 Lesson 19 Please answer the following questions. When is. Lets practice by using the word [eon-je]. Level 1 Lesson 20 Please answer the following questions. Workbook for Level 1 Lessons 11 - 20 Great job! Now here are the answers for the questions: Answers for Level 1 Lesson 11 1. Answers for Level 1 Lesson 12 1.

Answers for Level 1 Lesson 13 1. Answers for Level 1 Lesson 16 1. Answers for Level 1 Lesson 17 1. Answers for Level 1 Lesson 18 1. Answers for Level 1 Lesson 19 1. We hope the workbook has been helpful to you. It doesnt matter how much you donate, and it is absolutely not an obligation either.

Level 1 Lesson 22 Please match the English sentences and the Korean sentences which have the same meaning. Please fill in the blanks with or. Level 1 Lesson 24 Please match the English words and the Korean words which have the same meaning. Level 1 Lesson 25 1. For which one of the following is it interchangeable?

From Seoul b. From now c. From yesterday 2. How do you say Until now in Korean? Level 1 Lesson 22 1. Level 1 Lesson 24 1. We hope this workbook has been helpful to you.

All our regular lessons are free of charge and will stay that way. And for the products we have for sale in the Store section of the site, we want to try our best to keep their prices very low and reasonable so that MORE people can enjoy learning without spending too much money. We hope you will keep enjoying learning with us! And congratulations on making your way through Level 1. In Level 2, we are going to be looking at grammar points and expressions that you can build upon what you have learned through Level 1.

Lipstick can be blotted onto the lips to create a stain effect. Face cream, balm, or oil rubbed between both palms and then gently pressed onto cheeks adds moisture and a youthful glow to the face. I use my hands to warm concealers, blend foundation, and mix lip shades together. I also use my hands to work makeup into the face so that the makeup feels like a part of the skin and not like a mask. Designed to press powder onto the face to lock foundation in place.

Can be hand washed or tossed in the dishwasher at least once a week. Wedge-shaped ones are great for applying foundation around the nose and other hard-to-reach places, as well as for blending.

Higher-quality sponges can be washed and reused many times. This brush can also be used to touch up concealer and apply eye shadow.

Look at the Tweezerman or Rubis brands. Tweezers that are angled at the tip are easier to control than those that come to a sharp point.

One of the best and easiest ways to stay current is to test the latest products on the cosmetics floor of any large department store. The makeup artist at the counter will show you new items and techniques. You can try the cosmetics and get information, all without any cost. Magazines and the Internet are great for research and information, but when you are ready for a purchase, it is important to touch and feel the products so you know the quality you are getting.

Tip Choose cruelty-free brushes! Most manufacturers note this information in the product description. It is a good idea to develop some shopping strategies to avoid frustration, intimidation, or impulse-buying. First, determine your budget. Makeup can be expensive. Estimate the cost of your supply needs, and add a realistic amount for trying new products. Use this as a shopping list, and just circle the needed items. If you want to replace something specific, you can take the container with you to the store.

In a notebook, keep a page for jotting down any new products you might want to test. This is also a place to record product ingredients for comparison shopping.

For the best service, shop when the stores are least crowded, generally in the mornings, early in the week. Let the makeup artist at the counter show you a new look or technique. Listen and ask questions. Be clear about your likes and dislikes. Ask for samples or trial-size containers of any products you like. Purchase a product only if you love the way the makeup looks and know that you will use it.

Sources You will want to find several places to purchase makeup supplies that suit your needs and preferences. For testing and experimentation, store visits are very useful. Once you are familiar with a product line, it is faster and easier to do your shopping online. Most of the retailers and designers now have Web sites for quick and convenient shopping. Department Stores High-end brands are typically sold through dedicated counter areas in department stores.

Most of the counter personnel are trained in makeup application and are able to provide information and advice. Some sales staff are paid on commission, so you may be pressured to make a purchase. Drugstores and Pharmacies These stores are convenient and carry a wide variety of mass-market products. Purchase basic supplies such as nail polish, cotton balls, makeup sponges, and cotton swabs at these retailers.

Very few of the products can be tested before buying, so purchases might not meet your expectations. Beauty Supply Shops Makeup artists depend on these industry meccas for professional-quality products at budget-friendly prices. These stores will usually ship anywhere in the country.

Beauty Superstores One-stop shops, such as Sephora and Ulta, offer a wide range of mass-market, prestige, and niche products. The staff is knowledgeable and willing to answer questions.

Do shop in daylight for foundation. The claim does not guarantee that the doctor approved of the product—just that it was tested. Do save your receipts.

Many stores will refund your money within a specified period of time if you are not satisfied with a product. If any cream-based makeup smells or has an odd texture, take it back.

It is probably old. When that lipstick or cream blush gets near the end, scoop the remainder into small, covered, compartmentalized boxes palettes that are available at art and beauty supply stores. Label the back of the palette with the color name for reference when you need to restock.

This is a good place to find trend-driven shades, foundations, and concealers. Catalogs Shopping from catalogs specific to a brand is a convenient way to stock up on favorite shades of cosmetics. Once you are familiar with a product, this is a fast and easy way to order replacements, get a quick overview of new products, and see the latest fashion colors. Has your signature fragrance or favorite lipstick disappeared from the market?

This happens for any number of reasons. It is possible that the product was not selling well, or it has been reformulated to meet new standards. Discontinued beauty products are available if you know where to look. Use the Internet to do your research. There will generally be information available on discontinued products.

Specialty Web sites, outlets, and online auctions often carry these cosmetics and fragrances. Do be aware of expiration dates, however. Cosmetics have a limited shelf life and should not be used after the expiration dates posted by the manufacturer. Either e-mail or write a personal letter asking the company to bring it back. Companies listen closely to their customers, and it is not unusual for specific colors or products to be resurrected thanks to consumer demand.

At the very least, you will get a response from the company, usually providing reasons for the closing and often samples of similar products for you to try. Therefore, your tools must always be in their best working condition. Brush Care A good set of brushes will last several years if it is well cared for. This involves storing the brushes properly either in a neat brush roll that has individual slots for each brush or upright in a pencil cup and keeping them clean.

To clean brushes, take a drop of brush cleaner or very gentle soap in your palm, wet the brush, and swirl the bristles around on your palm until they are covered in soap. I love using baby shampoo. Rinse thoroughly until all soap residue is gone.

Do not immerse the brush head in water, because the hair is glued to the base, and even the most expensive brushes will come apart. Squeeze out excess moisture with a clean towel, reshape the brush head, and let it dry with the bristles hanging off the edge of a counter so the bristles dry into the perfect shape. Brushes can become mildewed if they rest on a towel while drying. Clean all your brushes every month or two. For a quick cleaning in between washings, use a spray brush cleaner.

Spritz it onto the bristles, and swipe them back and forth on a tissue until all product residues are removed from the brush. Tip Clean the sides of messy compacts with a cotton swab to keep them looking fresh. Sponge Care High-quality sponges can be washed many times before they need to be discarded. Alternatively, you can buy disposable synthetic sponge wedges at the drugstore that work well and are inexpensive.

You can wash and reuse them only a few times before you throw them out. Hand wash the puff using the same liquid soap you use for your brushes, or toss it into your next load of laundry or on the top rack of the dishwasher. Tweezer Care When tweezers get dull—which happens with repeated use—they are no longer as effective at grabbing on to and removing small hairs.

You can take them to a knife shop for sharpening. Some of the better brands, such as Tweezerman, come with a lifetime guarantee that includes free sharpening whenever necessary. Eyelash Curler Care The rubber pads that line the inside of an eyelash curler are there to protect the lashes, so when the pads start to wear out or break apart, they must be replaced.

The rubber pads that line the inside of an eyelash curler are there to protect the lashes, so when the pads start to wear out or break apart, they must be replaced. Many eyelash curlers come with a set of replacement pads. Keep a set on hand. Makeup Care Examine the contents of your makeup bag, drawer, or cabinet. You can pour liquid foundation into a fresh bottle, scoop out creams and lipsticks and transfer them to small containers or palettes, and place capless pencils in zip-top plastic bags.

Broken powder blushes and pressed powder compacts are irreparable and should be tossed. Weekly maintenance is far easier than semiannual overhauls. Anyone can learn to become a skincare expert by: Understanding how lifestyle impacts the condition of the skin, Knowing how skin works, Learning the basics of skincare, including How to analyze skin conditions, How to identify skin types, How to properly care for skin, Knowing skincare ingredients and how they work in order to select and use the appropriate products.

Lifestyle Beautiful skin begins with a healthy lifestyle. While heredity may determine how your skin looks, behaves, and ages, you can improve it by taking good care of yourself. Skincare basics include eating the right foods, drinking plenty of water, exercising, getting enough sleep, protecting your skin from the sun, not smoking, and limiting your intake of both caffeine and alcohol. Nutrition The health of your skin begins with good nutrition.

New, living cells continually replace the dead cells on the surface of the skin. The growth of new cells is dependent on vitamins, minerals, and hydration. Eat at least five servings of fresh fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins A and C are most important for healthy skin and are plentiful in fruits and vegetables. Vitamin A is found in carrots, spinach, watercress, broccoli, sweet potatoes, and melons.

Peppers, strawberries, oranges, grapefruit, and leafy greens all contain vitamin C. Also include whole- grain foods, nuts, dairy, fish, and beans in your diet. They are all foods rich in zinc, which promotes healing and reduces inflammation in the body.

Biotin is another nutrient needed for healthy skin, hair, and nails. It is sometimes identified as vitamin H and is part of the vitamin B complex. Foods such as peanut butter, whole grains, eggs, and liver contain biotin and can help prevent dermatitis and hair loss.

There are many advantages to taking your vitamins in food rather than in pill form. When you eat, you are never getting single, isolated nutrients. For instance, a bowl of leafy greens provides an abundance of several important vitamins, such as B, K, and E, as well as fiber and antioxidants.

The fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that provide fiber also naturally deliver vitamins and minerals and are low in calories. It is virtually impossible to consume dangerous levels of any vitamins or minerals through diet alone. Your diet has a direct impact on not only your overall health and how you feel but also on how you look. Certain nutrients in particular are important for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Think of them as your beauty vitamins. Topically applied, may boost collagen production and promote skin cell turnover. Wheat germ, leafy greens, nuts, whole grains FAT Fat is also an important nutrient for the skin and the health of the whole body. It is necessary for supple skin and soft, shiny hair. Incorporate unsaturated fats, such as the monounsaturated fats found in olive oil and avocado, with omega-3 fats, found in fatty fish and some seeds, into your daily diet.

Keep these healthy foods on hand for satisfying between-meal snacking: Almonds Plain, low-fat yogurt String cheese Chocolate protein powder Protein bars Low-fat ricotta cheese with a dash of vanilla Hard-boiled eggs Water with a bit of unsweetened cranberry extract or lemon juice Our bodies are 80 percent water.

Without sufficient hydration, the skin cells become dry and flaky. To keep the body, including the skin, hydrated, eat foods with a high water content, such as fruits, vegetables, and clear soups, and drink at least eight glasses of water a day. It is important to limit your intake of coffee and other drinks containing caffeine, as they are diuretics that remove water from the body and block the absorption of vitamins and minerals.

Exercise Exercise is a skincare essential. Raising the heart rate through vigorous exercise increases blood flow, brings more oxygen to the skin, and cleanses impurities from the body through sweat. Just twenty to thirty minutes of exercise a day is enough to help boost your immune system, reduce stress, lower blood pressure, strengthen your heart, build stronger bones, increase your energy level, and improve your mood.

Ideally, you want to do a mix of aerobic exercise and strength training. Aerobic exercise helps get the blood flowing, so take a walk, run, or swim regularly. With regular exercise, you build lean muscle mass and raise your metabolism. Since the metabolism slows with age, exercise is fundamental to weight management.

The skin becomes less elastic and prone to outbreaks of acne or rashes. Tip Smile, be positive, breathe, and take a vacation once in a while. It causes premature aging, including wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and hyperpigmentation.

Worse, overexposure often causes deadly forms of skin cancer. Wear a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor SPF of at least 15 in the winter and 30 in the summer. Smoking Smoking also causes the skin to age prematurely. Nicotine impairs the blood vessels that provide skin with both oxygen and nutrients and rid the skin of impurities.

It eventually robs the skin of oxygen, causing it to look dull and gray. With low levels of oxygen, the skin loses elasticity, which leads to sagging and wrinkling. Alcohol Skin problems can be caused by excessive alcohol intake. Alcohol can cause allergic reactions, such as hives and rashes. Some people have allergic reactions to salicylates, which occur in such foods as berries, bananas, beans, grapes, and wine.

If a rash appears after you eat these foods, it is likely that beer and wine will also cause outbreaks. Stress Stress often shows up on the skin. Stress-related hormonal fluctuations can cause adult acne and other skin problems. While healthy eating and exercise habits help to combat the symptoms of anxiety and stress, finding mechanisms to deal with the underlying causes of stress is important. Tips Drinking eight to ten glasses of water a day will help flush out toxins and keep all skin types clear.

Drink one glass of water each time you have a beverage that contains alcohol or caffeine. With some knowledge, experience, good diet, and exercise, it is possible to greatly improve the appearance of the skin. The condition of the skin changes from day to day and season to season.

Hormonal fluctuations, stress, pregnancy, medication, travel, and seasonal changes are only a few of the factors that can cause skin to act up. If you learn to recognize the various skin conditions, you will be able to choose the right cleansing options and moisturizers. How the Skin Works The skin is composed of three layers: a deep layer called the hypodermis, a middle layer called the dermis, and a surface layer called the epidermis.

The epidermis gives immediate, visual clues to the condition and health of the skin, while the dermis determines how the skin responds and changes with age. The hypodermis, the deepest layer, contains a layer of fat, blood vessels, and nerves.

As we age, collagen and elastin production diminishes. The results show up on the face as a loss of firmness, rougher texture, more obvious wrinkles, and sagging. Hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, and sebaceous glands are also part of the dermis. Sebaceous glands produce sebum. This oily substance moves through the hair shaft to the top layer of the skin, where it covers the epidermis and provides a protective barrier against moisture loss.

Too much sebum results in oily skin. The outermost layer of skin, the epidermis, is several layers deep. Basal cells are created in the lowest layer and then migrate through a hardened layer to the stratum corneum, from which they fall off the body. The skin continually sloughs off the dead cells and grows new living cells. It takes about a month for a live basal cell to move to the top layer of the epidermis. As the cell moves toward the surface of the skin, it loses moisture and oxygen content.

On the surface of the epidermis is a layer of oil transported from the dermis by the hair follicles that forms a natural barrier, helping the skin to retain water. Harsh and scented cleansing products, exposure to chemical and biological pollution in the environment, and poor diet can remove this protective oil-based layer from the skin.

This layer can be replenished with moisturizer. Moisturizers work in several ways. First, they fill in the spaces between the relatively dry, or cornified, cells of the epidermis, making the skin feel and appear smoother. They also create a barrier on the skin, helping the skin retain water. The oil content in moisturizers works with the protective lipid coating of the skin to partially protect the skin from the air. Care must be taken in the selection and use of moisturizing products, as they make a huge difference in how the skin works.

Hydration is the key to smooth, even skin, and moisturization is the external way to achieve it. A diet rich in vitamins A, C, and E helps keep skin smooth and soft. Sufficient fluid intake is important to maintain hydration and rid the body of toxins. A lifestyle that includes a healthy diet with foods high in water content, such as fruits and vegetables, and at least eight glasses of water a day keeps this skin type hydrated.

Caffeine and alcohol cause dehydration, so limit intake to two cups or glasses a day. Layering different textures of moisturizer can do wonders to hydrate the skin. Begin with lightweight face oil, and then layer a richer cream over that. Night creams with alpha hydroxy acids AHA help remove the dry, dead skin while moisturizing the new. Air-conditioning and heating create dry environments.

Correct this in your home by using humidifiers. Self-Test: Skin Analysis Look at your own clean, unmoisturized skin in the mirror. Is the overall texture flaky dry , shiny oily , or smooth normal?

How does your skin feel after you wash it with your current cleansing regimen? Tightness through the forehead is an indication of dry skin. How does your skin normally look by midday? Is there oil breakthrough or dryness even though you have moisturized? Does your skin have noticeable sun damage?

How are you protecting yourself against the sun? An accurate skin analysis will help you determine the most effective cleansing, hydration, and makeup products for your skin type and condition. However, when problem skin shows no improvement or worsens, see a dermatologist. Oily Skin Analysis Oily skin is shiny, especially through the T-zone the forehead, nose, and chin ; it is a condition caused by overactive sebaceous, or oil-producing, glands. May have large, visible pores Frequent breakouts Few signs of aging, such as fine lines Care Management of oily skin and the prevention of breakouts requires a healthy diet and a regular skincare routine.

Cleanse the face at least twice a day to prevent dirt accumulation and to keep pores open. Use an alcohol-free astringent to remove excess oil. Use oil-free moisturizers to keep the skin from overdrying. Moisturizing products containing AHA will benefit this skin type. Sensitive Skin Analysis Can range from dry to oily Easily irritated by cosmetics, moisturizers, and cleansers Sensitive and prone to redness Itchy or blotchy Care Sensitive skin requires mild, nonperfumed cleansing products.

Use an alcohol-free toner formulated for sensitive skin. Also, use cleansers and moisturizers specifically formulated for this type of skin. There are many skin conditions that can hide your actual skin type. Redness, dryness, or flaking can be caused by a medical condition or medication. Skincare products can be overused, causing oily skin to become dry or flaky. Dry skin that is overmoisturized can appear greasy. Redness and irritation can be caused by low-grade allergies to cleansing, moisturizing, or makeup products, necessitating a change to gentler products.

At least once a day, the skin needs to be cleaned with a formula that does not strip the skin of all its natural oils. Look for oil-free, water-based formulas gentle enough for all skin types.

Look for products safe for contact lens wearers. These can generally be used for removal of lipstick and mascara or eyeliners. See below. Cleanser Options Familiarity with these options will allow you to make the right choice based on your skin condition and type. SOAP will deeply clean the skin and leave it feeling thoroughly cleansed and refreshed.

Look for glycerin or cold cream soaps formulated specifically for the face. Glycerin creates a moisture cushion on the skin and a soft feel. Soap is best for oily skin types. Do not use body or bath soap, especially antibacterial soap. It will strip the skin and leave it feeling tight and dry. These cleansers are formulated to dissolve oil buildup and fight blemish-causing bacteria without stripping the skin. They are best for oily or combination skin types that are prone to breakouts.

These products contain oils and emollients along with cleansing ingredients and are recommended for normal to dry skin types. They leave a moisturizing cushion on the skin and are suitable for all skin types except oily. These products are gentle enough for all skin types.

Some exfoliating cleansers contain beads or grains that loosen dead surface skin cells. These manual exfoliants should be used twice a week in place of the daily cleanser.

Oily and blemish-prone skin will benefit from the application of a clay mask, which helps to draw out impurities, reduce blackheads, and dry up excess oil.

Masks containing cucumber, chamomile, aloe, or calendula are naturally soothing and good for irritated skin. Herbs, such as lavender or thyme, added to a steam treatment stimulate the skin. Steaming can be helpful for all skin types. Toners Toners stimulate circulation in the skin, remove any remaining dead skin cells or greasiness, and give the skin a smooth texture.

Toners can be helpful for those who have very oily skin or who wear lots of makeup. Use a toner after cleaning the skin or as an interim cleaner to remove dirt and oil. During the summer, toners can be especially useful, as the skin is more oily and tends to attract more dirt and bacteria.

While no cosmetic product can change the size of your pores, toners and astringents can make them appear smaller. These products work by very slightly irritating the skin, causing it to swell, making pores less noticeable. To apply toner, pat the skin with a cotton ball soaked in the product of choice.

You can also spray toner onto the face. Of course, cold water can just be splashed on the face instead. Toner Options Alcohol and water are the major ingredients in many skin fresheners, astringents, and toners. Other ingredients can include witch hazel, glycerin, rose water, vinegar, alum, boric acid, menthol, camphor, and other herbs.

The major difference in the products is the amount of alcohol they contain. Alcohol strips the naturally occurring oils skin needs to be healthy, so look for a product without alcohol, especially if you have dry skin. Humectants help prevent the evaporation of moisture from the skin. Cheese Churro Frost Bites are being launched at participating locations now to provide patrons with a way to enjoy a seasonally inspired treat.

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View the full Hot here. Billboard Top Year End Chart. Details for this torrent. For the sake of this project, we have assumed a track is popular if it made to the Billboard Year End Hot Singles. White Rabbit - Jefferson Airplane